Nama : Fajar Aji
Kurniawan
NPM : 12216542
Kelas : 1EA06
Article, No Article, Direct and Indirect Speech
A.
Article
Basically, an article is an
adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. English has two
articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to
specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or
non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article
and a/an the indefinite article.
1. a/an = indefinite article
2.the = definite article
For example
-
If I say, "Let's
read the book," I mean a specific book.
-
If I say, "Let's
read a book," I mean any book rather than a
specific book.
Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group.
Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group.
For example
-
"I
just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many
movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we
use the.
"A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the group.
For example
-
"I
would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about
a specific movie. We're talking about any movie.
There are many movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't
have a specific one in mind.
Let's look at each kind of article a little more closely.
Let's look at each kind of article a little more closely.
1.
Indefinite Articles: a and an
"A" and
"an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member
of a group.
a.
We use the indefinite article, a/an, with count
nouns when the hearer/ reader does not know exactly which one we are referring
to:
“Police are searching for a 16
years-old”
b.
We also use it to show the person or thing is
one a group
“He is a pupil at Paris
School”
c.
We do not use an indefinite article with plural
nouns and uncount nouns.
”She wa wearing red shoes” (plural nouns)
“She has long blonde hair” (uncount nouns)
d.
We use a/ an to say what someone is or what Job
they do:
“My Sister is a dentis”
“ Dea is a student in Gunadarma University”
e.
We use a/ an with a singular noun to say
something about all things of that kind:
“A girl needs friends” ( all girl need friends)
“A cat likes to eat mea”t ( all cats like to eat meat)
2.
Definite Article: the
The definite
article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or
particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it
refers to a particular member of a group. For example:
-
"The cat that bit me ran
away." Here, we're talking about a specific cat, the cat
that bit me.
-
"I was happy to see the policeman
who saved my dog!"
-
"I saw the snake at the
zoo."
Count and Noncount Nouns
The can be used with noncount nouns, or
the article can be omitted entirely.
-
"I
love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or
"I love to sail over water" (any water).
-
"He
spilled the milk all over the floor" (some specific milk,
perhaps the milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over
the floor" (any milk).
A/an can be used only with
count nouns.
•
"I
need a glass of water.“
•
"I
need a new glass of juice.“
Most of the time, you can't say, "She
wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water.
The definite article with names:
We do not normally use the definite article with names:
-
William
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
-
Paris is
the capital og France
-
Indonesian
is in Asia
But we do use the definite
article with:
-
Countries
whose name include words like kingdom, states or republic.
a.
The
United Kingdom; The Kingdom of Nepal,
b.
The
United States; The People’s Republic of Cina
-
Countries
use of the
Countries which have plural nouns
as their names:
a.
The
Netherlands
b.
The
Philippines
-
Geographical
use of the
There are some specific rules for
using the with geographical nouns.
Do not use the before:
a.
Names of
most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican
Republic, the Philippines, the United States
b.
Names of
cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
c.
Names of
streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.
d.
Names of
lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group
of lakes like the Great Lakes
e.
Names of
mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of
mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or
unusual names like the Matterhorn
f.
Names of
continents (Asia, Europe)
g.
Names of
islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides,
or the Canary Islands
Do
use the before:
a.
Names of
rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific
b.
Points
on the globe: the Equator, the North
Pole
c.
Geographical
areas: the Middle East, the West
d.
Deserts,
forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian
Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula
-
Omission
of Articles use the
Some common types of nouns that
don't take an article are:
a.
Names of
languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian (unless
you are referring to the population of the nation: "The Spanish
are known for their warm hospitality.")
b.
Names of
sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball, football, basketball
c.
Names of
academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history, computer science
B. No Article
- Religion is an important issue. (NOT The
religion is an important issue)
- Mexican food is spicy. (NOT The
Mexican food is spicy).
2. Names
of people, books and plays (unless it is part of the title).
- I have read Romeo and Juliet.
3. Towns,
cities, states and countries.
- Cape Town
- Montana
- Vietnam
(Exceptions
– The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The Philippines).
4. Lakes,
single islands, continents or mountains.
-
Lake Victoria
-
Toba lake
-
Jamaica
-
Australia
-
Asia
-
Mt Fuji
5. Planets
-
Mars
-Merkuri
-Neptunus
-
Jupiter
-
Saturn
6. Sports
or games
-
Soccer
-
Polo
-
Tennis
-
Skiing
-
Monopoly
7. Meals
-
Breakfast
-
Lunch
-
Dinner
-
Supper
C. Direct And Indirect Speech
1.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying or quoting exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (“…”) and should be word for word.
Saying or quoting exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (“…”) and should be word for word.
For
example:
-
He said,
“Today’s lesson is about direct and indirect speech.” Or
-
“Today’s lesson is about direct and indirect
speech.”, he said.
2.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),
doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have
to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes.
This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a
time in the past. The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech= “I’m going to the cinema”, He said
Indirect speech = “ He said he was going to the cinema”
Rule 1.
Adverbs of Time and Place
If the reported sentence contains
an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting,
and adverb of nearness should be put into those of distance.
-
Today => yesterday/ that day
-
This evening => that evening
-
These (days) => those
(days)
-
Now => then
-
(A week) ago => (a week)
before
-
Last weekend => the
previous weekend
-
Here => there
-
Here after => there
after
-
Next (week) => the
following (week)/ a week after
-
Tomorrow => the
next/following day
-
Thus => so
-
Last night => the previous
night
-
Yesterday => the day
before / the previous day
-
Hither => thither
-
Hence => thence
Note: If something is said and reported at the
same time, then the time expression can remain the same.
-
He told me today, “ I will go to Beach tomorrow.”
-
He told me today he would go to Beach tomorrow.
-
She told me this week, “ we gave our exam last
week.”
She told me this week, they had
given their exam last week
Rule 2. Tenses
If the
reporting verb is in present or future (i.e say, says or will say) then
don’t change the tense that you can find within the quotation marks.
A. He says,”I
was a fool then.”
B. He says
that he was a fool then.
C. I will say,
“ He loves his dad.”
D. I will say
that he loves his dad
As a rule when you report something
someone has said you go back a tense.
Present Simple › Past simple
-
He said, ”it is hot,”
-
He said it was hot.
Present continuous › Past continuous
-
She said, “I’m teaching Accounting online.”
-
She said she was teaching Accounting online.
Present perfect › Past perfect
-
He said, “I’ve lived in Indonesian since 1989.”
-
He said He had lived in Indonesian since 1989.
Present perfect continuous › Past perfect continuous
-
She said, “I’ve been teaching English for eight
years.”
-
She said she had been teaching English for eight
years.
Past simple › Past perfect
-
She said, “I taught active and passive yesterday.”
-
She said she had taught active and passive
yesterday.
Past continuous › Past perfect continuous
-
She said, “I was teaching the lesson.”
-
She said she had been teaching the lesson.
Past perfect › Past perfect
-
She said, “The lesson had already started when he
arrived.”
-
NO CHANGE – She said the lesson had already started
when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous › Past perfect continuous
-
She said, “I’d already been teaching for five
minutes.”
-
NO CHANGE – She said she’d already been teaching for
five minutes.
Will › would
-
She said, “I’ll teach English online tomorrow.”
-
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
Can › could
-
She said, “I can teach English online.”
-
She said she could teach English online.
Must › had to
-
She said, “I must have a computer to teach English
online.”
-
She said she had to have a computer to teach English
online.
Shall › should/ would
-
He said, “What shall we learn today?”
-
He asked what we should learn today.
-
He said, ”I shall appreciate it.”
-
He said he would appreciate it.
May › might
-
She said, “May I open a door?”
-
She asked if she might open a door.
Note – There is no change to; could, would,
should, might and ought to.
“I might go to the cinema”, he
said.
He said he might go to the cinema.
Rule 3. After wish, would rather, had better , it is time
-
Fajar said, ”I wish they were in Indonesian.”
-
Fajar said he wished they were in Indonesian.
-
Ujang said, “ I would rather fly.”
-
Ujang said he would rather fly.
-
Faisal said, ” they had better go.”
-
Faisal said they had better go.
-
Garry said, “It is time I got up.”
-
Garry said it was time he got up.
Rule 4.
If
indirect speech the words within quotation marks talk of a universal truth or
habitual action or when a sentence is made and reported at the same time and
the fact is still true then the tense inside the quotation marks is not changed
at all.
-
He said,”My name is Fajar.”
He
said his name was Fajar Or He said his name is Fajar.
-
The teacher said,” the sun rises in the east.”
The
teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
-
Zayana said, “ I am thirsty.”
Zayana
said she is thirsty.
Rule 5.
You can also use the present tense
if you are talking about a future event.
-
She said,”next week’s lesson is on reported speech.”
-
She said next week’s lesson will be on reported
speech.
Rule 6. (Pronouns)
We have to change the pronouns to
keep the same meaning of a sentence.
-
Burhan said, “ We are the best
players.”
Burhan
said they were the best players.
Note: Sometimes we have to use a noun instead
of a pronoun, otherwise the new sentence is confusing consider the examples
below:
-
Burhan said, “He killed them.”
Burhan
said that the man had killed them.
(If we only make mechanical
changes, then the new sentence can have different meaning)
-
Burhan said he had killed them. (Burhan himself
killed them)
Rule 7. Reported Speech In If-Clauses.
-
Edi : “If I tidied my room, my dad would be happy.”
Edi
said that if he tidied his room, his dad would be happy.
-
Teacher: “If you concentrate, you will learn about
direct and indirect speech.”
Teacher
said if we concentrate we would learn about direct
and indirect speech.
Rule 8. Reported Speech of Time-Clauses.
-
Heri : “When I was staying in Quetta I met my friend.”
–
He said that when he was staying in
Quetta he met his friend.
Rule 9. Reported Speech of Interrogative
- Remove the quotation marks and question mark in the interrogative sentence.
- Use ‘if’ or ‘whether’ if the sentence inside the quotation marks begins with a helping verb (Auxiliary verb).
- Use the given interrogative word (what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose, which, now etc.) if it does not begin with the helping verb.
- Don‘t use ‘that’
- Changing the reporting verb (say, said) into ‘ask, want to know wonder or inquire’ in its correct tense.
6. Omit helping verb like ‘do, does, did’. But
don’t omit them when they are with ‘not’.
- Said I to my teacher,” won’t you
help me to learn about direct and indirect speech complete rules?”
- I asked my teacher if he would
not help me to learn about direct and indirect speech complete rules.
- “ How often do you go to the
cinema?” Burhan said to Toni,
Rule 10. Reported Speech of Yes/ No Questions
In yes/no
questions we use if or whether in questions. If is more common and whether is
more formal.
-
“Will you go?” she asked me.
She asked me if/whether
I would go.
-
“Did he buy a car?” she said.
She wondered
if/whether he had bought a car.
Reported Speech of Commands and
Requests
- Remove the quotation mark in an Imperative sentence
- Use ‘to’ if it is an affirmative sentence. (without don‘t)
- Use ‘not to’ if the sentence begins without Don‘t.
- Don‘t use ‘that’
- Omit the word ‘please’. Use the word ‘request’ instead of ‘say’.
- If the direct speech contains a request or a command, the reporting verb (say, said) change to tell, request, order, command etc. in its correct tense.
7.
The commands, requests and advice mostly have the same form in
English: verb + object + infinitive (advise, ask, beg, forbid,
order, persuade, recommend, tell, urge, warn etc.).
- “Get up!” he said.
He warned me to get up.
-
“Please, revise for the test,” he said.
He requested me to revise for
the test.
-
“Bring me a cup of tea” said Fiki to Siti.
Fiki asked Siti to bring her a cup
of tea
Negative: + object + not + infinitive.
-
“Don’t hesitate,” he said.
He persuaded me not to hesitate.
-
“Don’t smoke,” the doctor warned my father.
The doctor warned my father not to
smoke.
Rule 11. Reported Speech of Advice
If it contains advice the reporting verb changes into advised.
If it contains advice the reporting verb changes into advised.
“Put on your coat,” I said.
I advised him to put on his coat.
Rule 12.
Reported Speech of Exclamatory Sentences
- Remove the quotation marks and exclamatory mark.
- Use the conjunction ‘that’
- Add the word ‘very’ to the adjective or adverb if necessary.
- Change the reporting verb (say, said) to ‘exclaim joyfully’
- Use ‘exclaim’ sorrowfully for sorrowful incidents.
-
She said ,” Wow, What a beautiful car that is!”
She exclaimed joyfully that was a verb beautiful
car.
-
He said,” Alas! I have missed the paper.”
He exclaimed sorrowfully that he had missed the
paper.
Rule 13. Use
of ‘That’ in Reported Speech
In reported speech, the word that
is often used, however it is optional. We recommend you no to use it because in
some cases we don’t use ‘That’ in reported speech like: question, command
request and order, so its better not to use it.
-
He told me that he lived in Hazara Town.
He told me he lived in Hazara Town.
Rule 14.
Punctuation in Direct Speech
In direct
speech, various punctuation conventions are used to separate the
quoted words from the rest of the text: this allows a reader to follow what’s
going on. Here are the basic rules:
-
“I’m coming home late tonight,” she
said. (American English)
-
‘I’m coming home late tonight,’ she
said. (British English)
---Thank You---
